Rogers, who explored it in 1881 while searching for a practicable route for the main line of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Although it is not the coldest location on Earth, Vosto's record low temperature is -128.6 degrees Fahrenheit (-89.2 degrees Celsius). 12T E 395825 N 5215802. [62] Wyes were at the Selkirk pushing extremities of Beavermouth (east) and Albert Canyon (west). During the time it took to determine a practicable Kicking Horse/Selkirks route, the railhead had advanced up the Bow Valley making it too late to use Howse, which required an access from the North Saskatchewan River Valley. Rogers Pass is a physical feature (gap) in Lewis and Clark County. Forecast Valid: 3am MST Feb 20, 2023-6pm MST Feb 26, 2023. Rogers Pass. Time Zone. Only the crest and eastern slope of the Connaught Tunnel route is underground. As featured on. The snow sheds, installed . Roger's Pass South Web Camera - Lincoln, MT. After awarding the contract, the government allowed CP to amend the designated crossing to the Kicking Horse Pass. Later traffic revenue enabled upgrades. . [41] He was postmaster 19011903. Hike along the abandoned Canadian Pacific Railway line that in 1885 sliced through the Selkirk Mountains and connected a nation from coast-to-coast. 7681 ft on MT-324 The Gilmore and Pittsburgh RR had service on the pass from 1912 - 1930 . It very well may have gotten colder, but the thermometer was unable to record it. Rogers was a surveyor for the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR), and he located Rogers Pass in British Columbia, which was then used by the CPR on its transcontinental line across Canada. Get Current Demographic Data for Cities, Towns, and ZIP Codes, View Boundary Maps, for Cities, Towns, and ZIP Codes, Locate Physical, Cultural, and Historical Features, Montana physical, cultural and historic features. Most stations are supplied with thermometers similar to Kleinschmidts that only go to minus-65. The extent and cost of snow sheds had been grossly underestimated. The Great Bear, Scapegoat and Bob Marshall Wildernesses have been consolidated into the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex and permanently protect 1,535,352 acres (6,213.35km2). The station was located at a high elevation in a saucer-shaped depression. [131] That year, a young snow shed worker, who refused to seek and pay for medical treatment, died of fever. Sign up for our newsletter to keep reading. Rogers Pass in Montana was named by the Great Northern Railway for one of the line's locating surveyors,[3] A.B. [129], 1887: A carpenter, who fell from a bridge in the vicinity, rolling 40 feet (12m) into a stream, suffered a likely fatal skull fracture. The single camera here is looking southwest in the Missoula direction. [72] The twice daily summer service from 1908 continued into the winter, instead of reducing to one train,[73] and increased to three trains the following summer. Rogers Pass is the location of the lowest temperature ever recorded in the contiguous United States. {{start_at_rate}} {{format_dollars}} {{start_price}} {{format_cents}} {{term}}, {{promotional_format_dollars}}{{promotional_price}}{{promotional_format_cents}} {{term}}, Police blotter: Butte bar brawl; window cracked; juveniles upset movie-goer, Couples dream becomes a reality with new restaurant, Police blotter: Man with a gun over there; don't come knocking; arrest on Big M, Butte man charged with aggravated animal cruelty, Man accused in Butte shooting beats tampering charge; attempted homicide case still pending, Gigantic elk would become a symbol of Buttes ingenuity, Uptown Butte's Pekin Noodle Parlor earns prestigious culinary award, 'Buffalo take care of us': First Blackfeet buffalo hunt open to all was a success, Thinking big: 'Master Plan' lays out new visions for Butte's parks, Updated: Butte man sentenced to 15 years in prison for 2019 rape, Town Pump building new convenience store in Whitehall, Butte Central chasing history, eyeing back-to-back state titles, B-SB commissioner: A 'bureaucracy' created just to spend $225,0000, City of Livingston releases more details on the death of Jalen Williams, Tana Nulph: Montana is big enough for ranching AND grizzlies, Lone wolf trekked across southwest Montana into Pryor Mountains before deadly decision, Far-right law-and-order bills hit the Montana Legislature, Moscow reportedly threatened new parents in Ukraine: Register your newborns as Russian or else, The impact of climate change will be felt worse in these three U.S. cities, Scientists reveal hidden corridor in Great Pyramid of Giza, Greece train crash: Public anger grows as death toll rises. For the mountain pass in Montana, see Rogers Pass (Montana). To see my blog, go to bigskywalker.com. Sign Up Explore the stone ruins of a mountain resort once reached by horse-drawn carriage. Mentally . any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute, or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United, States Government or any agency thereof. FRESH. Flathead Lake Sunset over Flathead Lake. USGS personnel used the software package Oasis Montaj version 4.3 by Geosoft, Inc., to read in the original contractor's data. The U.S. Geological Survey has contracted or flown numerous airborne surveys over a long period (1950's to present). [2] The Scapegoat Wilderness is a 10-mile (16km) hike north of Rogers Pass via the Continental Divide Trail. Rogers, in 1887, who was a surveyor for the Great Northern Railway. Insufficient Sleep (per 1000): 250. PRINT THIS DATA. [79] Oil storage facilities were built for the 1912 conversion to oil-fired locomotives in the mountains, eliminating firemen and fire patrols. Coldest Cities in the United States 2023 by Population 2023 11. A head-on collision with a truck killed both drivers and four passengers. Larson saw his biggest kill, and , Livingston officials have released more details on the events that led to the discovery of 19-year-old Jalen Williams body off of U.S. Highwa, A male wolf trekked from the Dillon area to the Pryor Mountains last year before killing livestock and being shot. [146] Months later, an unmanned locomotive left the pass yard, and derailed 2 miles (3km) east down the grade. [109] The Montana Department of Transportation reported . The trailhead for Rogers Peak is located on the south side of Rogers Pass on Highway 200. The failure to rebuild snow sheds after the prior track deviation,[91] and the inadequate design strength of an existing shed, proved devastating. Aeromagnetic anomaly maps are important tools in mapping surficial and buried igneous rocks. 59404. [120], Constructed 19561962, headquarters of the four camps was one-quarter mile (400m) from the Glacier station. A few selected weather stations in areas such as this are now supplied with colder reading thermometers. On January 20, 1954, a low temperature of 70F (57C) was recorded during a severe cold wave. [132], 1889: When a freight and passenger train collided in a snow shed to the east, one person was seriously injured and the locomotives received extensive damage. Map Directions Satellite Photo Map I answer, you come and see for yourself that we live an ordinary life.". It is located on the continental divide in the U.S. state of Montana. Sunrise/Set 09:33 am 07:53 pm Local Time 4:44 am EST 15 February, 2023 : SHARE. Discover trails like Lewis and Clark Pass Rogers Pass Montana, find information like trail length, elevation, difficulty, activities, and nearby businesses. All jumped clear, except the conductor, who unable to brake, passed through the burning shed, and jumped just before the car smashed into the stationary train. Section Menu. Reference therein to. The pass is formed by the headwaters of the Illecillewaet River to the west and by the Beaver River to the east. When the Riel Rebellion drew Steele away, Ross formed his own 25-man armed police force. Reference is in the Cross-Reference section of this metadata file. (Submitted on May 8, 2014, by Cosmos Mariner of Cape Canaveral, Florida.) A rotary snowplow was shared with Eagle Pass until a dedicated one arrived in February 1890. Moberly advocated Howse Pass. The locomotive and three cars toppled over, killing a crew member and injuring three others. The lowest ever recorded temperature in the US is -70F in Rogers Pass, Montana.How many degrees hotter is the highest recorded temperature than the lowest recorded temperature? Route details. This is also a migration route used by other raptors such as northern goshawks, red-tailed hawks, and rough-legged hawks. The locomotive and 9 cars rolled down an incline killing the engineer and fireman. The Rogers Pass weather station, located at an elevation of 5,470 feet, was established May 1, 1953, at the 4 K's Mine, located at Highway 200 and three-fourths of a mile west of where the . Similarly, all supplies came in by train for the workforce of about 500 who built the 28-mile (45km) highway. Data were reformatted using the Geosoft, Inc., program Oasis Montaj version 4.3. The school[115] similarly relocated. Acknowledgement of the U.S. Geological Survey and the National Geophysical Data Center would be appreciated in products derived from these data. Standard industry practices of the time were followed in data collection and processing. Rogers Pass is a mountain pass that rises 5,610 feet (1,710 m) above sea level and is located on the Continental Divide in the U.S. state of Montana.The pass is adjacent to Helena National Forest and is traversed by Montana Highway 200, providing the shortest route between the cities of Great Falls and Missoula, Montana.The region is noted for its inaccessibility and as one of the last . Rogers blindly believed the pass presented no special engineering difficulties. [67], Usually, passenger trains did not need pushers,[68] and until 1902, the 5 to 9car service was daily. According to the Kppen climate classification system, Rogers Pass has a humid continental climate, abbreviated "Dfb" on climate maps. About 2 a.m. he got up and looked at his thermometer outside an insulated window. [7] Only Alaska, Antarctica, Canada, Greenland, China and Russia have recorded lower temperatures. While the transcontinental advanced across the prairies, the railway sought a way over the unexplored Selkirks. [49] Although the tunnel removed the avalanche danger for that section, the problem persisted along neighbouring segments. [103], When the station relocated, the community buildings followed suit. [149], 1913: An engineer, who fell into an underground draining trough of heated oil at the roundhouse, later died from the scalding. Strong westerly winds help migrating flocks to cross the continental divide so they can spend the summer on the Great Plains. During the previous week there were several fresh invasions of frigid Arctic air into Montana. The region is noted for its inaccessibility and as one of the last strongholds for the grizzly bear in the lower 48 states. [12] Although they had found a pass, they had been unable to explore its eastern approach, a distance of 18 miles (29km) from the junction of the Beaver and Columbia rivers. In early February 1885, three avalanches struck. C.D. [2] These rivers are tributaries of the Columbia, which arcs to the north. Climate data for Rogers Pass, British Columbia; Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year; Average high C (F)-7.3 (18.9)-3.6 (25.5) 1.6 . Rogers Pass is a mountain pass that rises 5,610 feet (1,710m) above sea level and is located on the Continental Divide in the U.S. state of Montana. Weather in Rogers Pass, Montana, USA Time/General Time Zone DST Changes Sun & Moon Weather Today Weather Hourly 14 Day Forecast Yesterday/Past Weather Climate (Averages) Now 32 F Clear. 7201 Fox Farm Rd Great Falls Montana 59404; 406-781-9542; montanatrail406@yahoo.com 2023 by Montana Trail 406 . [142] Two months later, by snow shed 17, a brakeman fell from an eastbound train, costing him his left arm. The index in the official thermometer fell into the bulb and remained at the described angle at a temperature of minus-69.7 degrees and at this temperature, Kleinschmidt's personal thermometer indicated minus-68. Finally, late in the day, the snow and wind stopped, skies cleared rapidly, and as the sun set the temperature plummeted. . In German, Eismitte literally translates to "ice-center," which is fitting for one of the coldest places in the Northern Hemisphere. A jury found a Butte man not guilty of witness tampering Monday but he still faces an attempted homicide charge. Not all flight-line data have been released to the public because of lack of personnel to reformat data and service the requests. Altitude change. It can get warmer, relatively speaking, but only to the tune of -22 degrees Fahrenheit (-30 degrees Celsius). With an average 9.3m (31ft) snowfall per year, Rogers Pass is among the snowiest places in Canada. Quick Description: This is one of 73 (as of February 2017) Road Weather Information System camera sites operated by the Montana Department of Transportation to aid motorists as they make their way across BIG SKY . The data in this file were collected by a single contractor or group who were responsible for collecting and processing the data. [156], 1994: To avoid a head-on collision with a highway sanding truck, a tour bus carrying 21 passengers swerved into a snowbank. Rogers Pass located 5,610 feet above sea level is the second coldest location in U.S.. Below are weather averages from 1971 to 2000 according to data gathered from the nearest official weather station. A companion CD-ROM/web site has been released containing magnetic data that were generated by digitizing analog maps. If you think this is cold, you should've been at Rogers Pass in 1954 RICK GRAETZ University of Montana Dec 22, 2022 0 1 of 2 A sign at Rogers Pass commemorates the 70-below-zero. Survey contracts specified the conditions and specifications under which these data were collected. Create a scavenger hunt using this waymark as the center point. [154][155], 1968: A bus carrying 14 children and two adults plunged 135 feet (41m) down a gorge, but the occupants suffered only fractures and minor injuries. Point Forecast: 17 Miles NE Lincoln MT. Temperatures have dropped as low as -74 degrees Fahrenheit. Decisions were a trade-off between immediate costs and delayed costs. [124], Prior to 1962, snow sheds provided the only control measure. CP's traffic predictions proved largely correct. [81], In 1915, seven employees received 25-month sentences for creating ghost employees.[82]. Richard A. Dightman, then state climatologist at the Weather Bureau, was not aware of the record-setting event until about Feb. 3, when Januarys records were received at the Helena office. Flight-line airborne magnetic anomaly measurements. Seven of the RWIS sites are data only and one has a camera only, while the rest have both a camera and data sensors. Most days are frosty, even in July, and roughly 60 nights per year, the temperature is 0 degrees Fahrenheit. Most loaded freight trains required a single pusher, because they were longer than 9 cars. MONTANA - We are tracking winter weather road conditions throughout Montana Friday morning with the Montana Department of Transportation requiring chains on certain passes in western Montana. Daily Winter Permits are only available at the Rogers Pass Discovery Centre. Quick facts for kids. Forgot your password? Barometric altimeters are quite accurate, but are typically operated in an uncorrected mode. [83] Some sections of the abandoned railway eventually became walking rail trails in Glacier National Park. Entertainment, such as movies, or a haircut, required train travel to the nearest towns. Rogers Pass in Montana on a clear day (Wikimedia) At 5,610 metres above sea level, Rogers Pass recorded a temperature of -56C in January 1954, one of the lowest in the US. in Web Cameras. [93], During summer months, trains ran on separate tracks outside the sheds. Step-by-step explanation: 1, p. 83-87. Radio reception was poor. Conditions at Dome Fuji are pretty dry and reminiscent of a cold desert. The pass sits at 5,470 feet (1,667 metres) elevation in the Rocky Mountains, northwest of Helena. The Great Bear, Scapegoat and Bob Marshall Wildernesses have been consolidated into the Bob Marshall Wilderness Complex and permanently protect 1,535,352 acres (6,213.35km2). Snow shed construction, Rogers Pass, 1887. Not to be confused with later station near west portal. Picnic among giant old-growth cedars. Contrary claims that early traffic would be mainly eastbound were unfounded,[59] but became a reality within 20 years. #2 Rogers Pass Montana Mountain Pass Updated: 2020-01-01 Rogers Pass is a mountain pass that rises 5,610 ft above sea level and is located on the Continental Divide in the USA state of Montana. East Fork Falls Creek 17 miles. [7] Only Alaska, Antarctica, Canada, Greenland, China and Russia have recorded lower temperatures. . Canada geese, tundra swans, and snow geese also use the pass during migration periods. 5,635 ft. Altitude end. The reading was observed by one of the National Weather Services cooperative observers. Grew up in Harlem (MT), married (Mardi), 4 grown children, retired - taught high school science 37 yrs (Helena High Earth Science 1994-2019), enjoy hiking, peak-bagging, trail-running, snow-shoeing, and kayaking. Great Falls Montana
This is the lowest temperature ever recorded in lower 48 states. Posted by: T0SHEA. It was first inhabited during the Klondike Gold Rush when 100,000 prospectors migrated to the area in search of gold in the late 1800s. Montana. Conversion of measured values to geographic position and magnetic values was performed by the contractor using industry standard practices. [100] In 1893, the Queens Hotel, the only one remaining, was renamed the Dewdrop Inn. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Montana was -70F in 1954 at a gold mining camp near Rogers Pass Montana's Museum of the Rockies houses one of the largest collections of dinosaur fossils in the world, including 13 specimens of Tyrannosaurus Rex . It is the best route between Missoula and Great Falls. [dubious discuss] Since the establishment of the modern weather station in 1964, however, the temperature has not fallen below 46F (43C). Initially called Summit (near the Memorial monument), then. Encompassing 134 individual paths in the steep terrain,[2] avalanches are common in winter. Rogers Pass is the lowest route between the Sir Donald and Hermit ranges of the Selkirks, providing a shortcut along the southern perimeter of the Big Bend of the Columbia River from Revelstoke on the west to Donald, near Golden, on the east. If you think this is cold, you should've been at Rogers Pass in 1954. "Rogers Pass, USGS Rogers Pass (MT) Topo Map", "Rocky Mountain Front Eagle Migration Area", "Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rogers_Pass_(Montana)&oldid=1134890444, This page was last edited on 21 January 2023, at 08:18. The Rogers Pass weather station, at an elevation of 5,470 feet, was established May 1, 1953, at the 4 Ks Mine, at Montana Highway 200 and three-fourths of a mile west of where the highway crosses Rogers Pass. Canada geese, tundra swans, and snow geese also use the pass during migration periods. Rogers has the distinction of having two passes named after him: this one in Montana and another Rogers Pass in British Columbia, Canada, approximately 373 miles (600km) to the northwest. One year after the tunnel opening, the right-of-way over the pass was handed over to the Parks Department for a wagon road, and the snow sheds were removed. This area is also a great place to observe golden eagles and other raptors. He then went outside to the official shelter and found the minimum thermometer indicating a temperature colder than minus-65, which is as low as the scale on it indicates. The Pass is the location of the coldest temperature ever recorded in USA outside of Alaska. Rogers Pass is considered the best route between the cities of Great Falls and Missoula, Montana. [dubious discuss] Since the establishment of the modern weather station in 1964, however, the temperature has not fallen below 46F (43C). [18] By May 1883, the westward railhead had only reached Medicine Hat, still leaving time to find an alternative to the equally problematic Kicking Horse Pass. [159], 1964: A Jodel D.11 crashed. Why is The Midwest so Cold? f30013 = Cascade. Nettleton, L.L., 1971, Elementary Gravity and Magnetics for Geologists and Seismologists: Society of Exploration Geophysicists Monograph Series No. [94][95], In 1886, the features of a transient construction community remained. Description: This section begins at Rogers Pass and the majority of it is within the Lewis and Clark-Helena National Forest. [151], 1915: The victims bowled over, a train cut off one man's legs,[152] and the leg above the ankle for a seven-year-old boy.[153]. Albert Canyon was a scenic stop. You can expect subzero temperatures year-round at this Russian research station, which is tucked away in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica. When the 14-car train derailed, the employees jumped clear, but the locomotive fell upon the fireman, fatally crushing him. At MacKenzie camp, 6 miles (10km) west of the summit, a worker was buried. THE MAGNETOMETER HAS A RECHARGING INTERVAL OF 0.5 SECONDS. It read minus-68. Median Income: 73,239. [143], 1908: During excavations with a steam shovel, a bank gave way, burying a worker who suffocated. Rest Days Helena. This mountain pass, which is adjacent to Helena National Forest, stands 5,610 feet above sea level. The eastern approach up the Beaver River required some of the largest trestles on the line. https://mrdata.usgs.gov/magnetic/show-survey.php?id=MT_3108, http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1999/ofr-99-0557/. Daily Winter Permits must be obtained on the day you plan to ski or snowboard, and are only valid for that day. Use this weather feature to find out. Download section 5 .gpx file. An increased section gang shovelled out both slides and drifts. [158], 2007: After crossing the centre line and crashing through a concrete guardrail, a 24-passenger bus, carrying 11 people and a driver, came to rest on the passenger side. 5,635 ft. Altitude start. MONTHLY - WEATHER AVERAGES SUMMARY [ Show All Data] [ C] F Average Temperature. Latitude, longitude, altitude, and magnetic values were checked for obvious errors or spikes and values of -9999.9 were given where the value could not be reasonably corrected. The contractor report and USGS contract specifications state that the traverse line spacing should be 0.75 miles. Stopping is prohibited in high-risk locations. CD-ROM or online files Complements this publication with analog data. The coldest temperature ever recorded in the lower 48 was -70 on Jan. 20, 1954 at Rogers Pass, Montana. [130], 1888: A westbound passenger train waited at snow shed 7, while a crew, standing on a flat car, fought a fire at shed 13. Records sealed. Vivo V27 Pro Review: Capable camera performance in a sleek form factor, A woman threw a house party with 65 men she matched with on Tinder and Hinge and connected with the man she's now been dating for a year, Amazon will halt construction of its planned $2.5 billion Virginia headquarters, the company doubles down on cost-cutting, 'Let's get real': scientists discover a new way climate change threatens cold-blooded animals, IISc researchers show chemically-modified nanosheets are effective for biomedical applications, SC extends stay on order quashing write-off of Yes Bank's AT1 bonds. Located in Montana, and traversed by the Montana Highway 200, Rogers Pass is praised for being the best route between Great Falls and Missoula cities. 84.9%. Captain Steele and his small North-West Mounted Police force protected construction manager Ross from confrontations with workers. Weather. Neither the United States Government nor any agency, thereof, nor any of their employees, make any warranty, expressed or, implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the. The golden eagles and other birds can be observed from a distance as close as 100 to 500 feet (30 to 150m).[5]. At the southern end of the Flathead National Forest, Highway 200 winds its way over the continental divide on its way from Missoula to Great Falls. Part of the Loops, the wooden trestles across Loop Creek (south of today's road) were replaced. After slide damages were repaired, the line opened to through traffic the following June.[25]. Base map image created with MapBox. The Northlander Motor Hotel, opened in 1964,[126] was renamed Glacier Park Lodge. So H. M. Kleinschmidt, the observer, was contacted and asked to send in his thermometer to be checked and to provide any other information he could to help evaluate the reading. [104] Public functions were initially held in the CP boarding house. MDT Travel Info cameras, Rogers Pass Jan. 7, 2020 9:44 am. The pass sits at 5,470 feet (1,667 metres) elevation in the Rocky Mountains, northwest of Helena. On January 20, 1954, a low temperature of 70F (57C) was recorded during a severe cold wave. Endpoints: Rogers Pass - McDonald Pass (Lincoln to Helena) Area: Continental Divide Trail (CDT) . Digital flight-line data used to create the analog maps are unavailable. . [3][4] Poor judgement best describes this unfortunate decision[5] that created lasting impediments for both the railway and highway.[6]. The village has the distinction of holding the record for the coldest day in Canadian history temperatures dropped to -81.4 degrees Fahrenheit in 1947. Rogers Pass is a mountain pass that rises 5,610 feet (1,710 m) above sea level and is located on the Continental Divide in the U.S. state of Montana. Any views and opinions of, authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of. He not only sent in the official minimum thermometer but also included his own alcohol thermometer. In fact, on January 20, 1954, the temperature dropped to 70 degrees below zero. Elevations were converted from meters to feet (1 m = 3.2808 ft). BOZEMAN PASS. Parks Canada terminated the lease in 2012. Rogers Pass area, Lewis and Clark County, Montana, geologic map Member of Miscellaneous investigations series (Geological Survey (U.S.)), map I-1642 Cataloging source GIS Characteristic single map Government publication federal national government publication Index index present http://bibfra.me/vocab/lite/organizationName Geological Survey (U.S.) [160], 1969: A Piper PA-28 crashed. To keep the highway and railway open during the winter, the Royal Canadian Artillery has since used 105-millimetre (4.1in) howitzers to knock down unstable snow under controlled circumstances to reduce avalanche hazards. [66] Local traffic was negligible. [1] The pass is adjacent to Helena National Forest and is traversed by Montana Highway 200, providing the shortest route between the cities of Great Falls and Missoula, Montana. The locomotive taking him to hospital derailed, delaying his arrival. On his person was $3,000 in cash. Dobrin, M.B., 1976, Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting: New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, p. 505-517. Monida Pass el. Despite this,. [76] In 1907, a track deviation created more yard space to handle increased freight. MontanaRightNow.com Bozeman: 406-586-3594 Butte: 406-782-7185 Great Falls: 406-453-4377 Helena: 406-457-1860 Missoula/SWX Montana: 406-542-8900 SWX Spokane: 509-448-6000 Get up-to-the-minute news sent straight to your device. Waymarkly is the premiere Waymarking app for iOS. The pass is located in the Blackfoot Valley near Lincoln, Mt (also known as the basecamp of the Crown of the Continent). Although all data published on this CD-ROM have been used by the USGS, only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. The facts that the two thermometers behaved in the laboratory exactly as described by the observer, that temperatures of minus-57 and minus-59 were recorded in the same general area and that the observer was not aware that he was recording a record temperature were sufficient evidence to adopt the minus-70 record.