Symptoms of tropical pulmonary eosinophilia syndrome include cough, bloody sputum, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, splenomegaly, peripheral hypereosinophilia and eosinophilic pulmonary infiltrate. A significant proportion of individuals in endemic areas show neither symptoms nor microfilaremia; these are the “endemic normals”. This is caused by fluid collection because of improper functioning of the lymph system resulting in swelling. Within 2 to 6 hours, they cast off their sheath (ex-sheathing), penetrate the stomach wall and within 4 to 17 hours migrate to the thoracic muscles where they undergo further development.
The embryos have colourless, translucent body with a blunt head and pointed tail, measuring about 250-300 µm in length 6-10 µm in thickness. The generic name of this worm is named after Wucherer who first reported it in1866. 6.13), in women the legs and arms are usually afflicted, with the vulva and breasts being affected more rarely.
Eosinophilia is a higher than normal level of disease-fighting white blood cells, called eosinophils. There the microfilariae develop into first-stage larvae (number 6) and subsequently into third-stage infective larvae (number 7). Elephantiasis is thus a result of complex immune responses of long duration.
A feature of the chronic obstructive phase is progressive infiltration of the affected areas with fibrous connective tissue or ‘scar’ formation after inflammatory episodes. In such cases, extensive proliferation of living cells with much inflammatory cell infiltration occurs. Complex decongestive physiotherapy can be effective for treating lymphedema. The period from the entry of the infective larvae, till the development of the earliest clinical manifestation is called the clinical incubation period. Transmitted bythe bite of an infected mosquito. At the head end is a clear space devoid of granules, called the cephalic space. An infection will show up on a blood test.During a blood meal, an infected mosquito introduces third-stage filarial larvae onto the skin of the human host, where they penetrate into the bite wound (number 1).
However, dead worms are some-times calcified instead of absorbed, usually causing little further difficulty. The drug of choice for the past 40 years has been diethylcarbamazine (DEC, Hetrazan) which eliminates microfilariae from the blood and careful administration usually kills the adult. Inflammation and signs of lymphatic obstruction are also diagnostic features. Death of the adult worm triggers an acute inflammatory response, which progresses distally (retrograde) along the affected lymphatic vessel, usually in the limbs and is termed acute filarial lymphangitis. It is estimated that a microfilaria density of at least 15 per drop of blood is necessary for infecting mosquitoes. When a vector mosquito feeds on a carrier the microfilariae are taken in with the blood meal and reach the stomach of the mosquito. In other patients, particularly coming from non-endemic areas, infection may cause early clinical manifestations characterized by fever lymphangitis with chills and recurrent febrile attacks. Approximately midway along the length of body is the anterior V-spot which represents the rudimentary excretory system.
Female has a narrow and abruptly pointed tail and an anus before the tip of tail.
The disease can be accidentally transmitted through blood transfusion, when the donor is infected with microfilariae. These people will have more bacterial infections in the skin and lymph system. The head is slightly swollen and bears two circles of well-defined papillae (Fig. Copyright iaszoology.com Eosinophilia is the presence of higher than normal disease-fighting white blood cells in the body.
The adult worms live coiled up in the gland and lymph vessels of man. If you live in an area with lymphatic filariasis:Another approach to prevention includes giving entire communities medicine that kills the microscopic worms — and controlling mosquitoes. It may also affect the arms, breast, scrotum, vulva or any other part of the body. Infective juveniles now migrate into mosquito’s proboscis and wait for the mosquito to bite man.
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