Original publication of Rudyard Kiplings poem, The White Mans Burden.. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. continuous line of British territories from Cape Town, South Africa to Cairo, Egypt. The Battle of Omdurman in September 1898in which British forces retook the Sudan using Maxim machine guns to inflict disproportionate casualties on native Mahdi forceswas followed almost immediately by the Fashoda Crisis with France, in which the British asserted their control of territory around the upper Nile. Chinas hapless young Manchu emperor, traditionally and exotically robed, sits passively in the foreground. Der Traum der Kaiserin von China (The Dream of the Empress of China),Simplicissimus, July 3, 1900. No quarter will be given! The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. History of Animation in Egypt. - It is just to use every legitimate means for the enlargement of American trade; but we seek no advantages in the Orient which are not common to all. The scene above turns the tables on the Harpers Weekly cover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned The White Mans Burden, the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britains John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque racist caricaturesuphill from the depths of barbarism to the heights of civilization. Skulls dot the landscape ahead in Lifes grim rendering. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). Rus. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. 13, No. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs., Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2014 Visualizing Cultures. Bello, Walden. Library of Congress Duplication Services. His biblical title, which came from Matthew 4:16 (The people who sat in darkness have seen a great light), picked up on many pro-imperialist themes of the times. Additional images from the issue depict barbaric behavior by the multinational force that intervened in China during the Boxer Uprising. As the caption indicates, this cover illustration dismisses charges of imperialism that critics directed against American expansion at the turn of the century.Harpers Weekly took pride in billing itself as A Journal of Civilization. The barbarians depicted here are Chinese Boxers who committed atrocities against Christian missionaries. Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. The graphics include pillage, rape, and wanton executions. 14-27 (May-June 1999). Given the fact that Twain was famous and widely admired for his outspokenness, it is especially disconcerting to learn that he and his close supporters concluded that challenging the mystique of civilization and progress in such stark terms was not feasible given the political and religious fervor of the times. 0 Ratings 1 Want to read; 0 Currently reading; 0 Have read; From the Cape to Cairo. The cartoon takes its title from Rudyard Kiplings poem The White Mans Burden. Published in February, 1899 in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the United States, the poem quickly became a famous endorsement of the civilizing missiona battle cry, full of heroic stoicism and self-sacrifice, offering moral justification for U.S. perseverance in its first major and unexpectedly prolonged overseas war. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. But rivalries for commercial privileges never abated even when an eight-nation Allied military force was forged between the world powers in the summer of 1900. Model students Hawaii and Porto Rico appear as docile girls learning their lessons. A 27-year-old veterinarian was stabbed to death after trying to stop criminals from stealing the wheels from his wife's car at midnight during load shedding. Cutting of Africa at the Berlin Conference published in LIllustration, January 1885. Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. The words "Striding from Cape Town to Cairo . The caption reference to harvest surely carried multiple meaning to many ofLifes American readers. Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. China in Convulsion. If only black-and-white ("b&w") sources are listed and you desire a copy showing Just as a thousand years ago the Huns under their King Attila made a name for themselves, one that even today makes them seem mighty in history and legend, may the name German be affirmed by you in such a way in China that no Chinese will ever again dare to look cross-eyed at a German. Title from item. Photograph. Vol. McKinley also mentions profit, free trade, and the open door in Asia: Incidental to our tenure in the Philippines is the commercial opportunity to which American statesmanship cannot be indifferent. Now there are thirteen on this one street! The dignity of the bereaved Filipino in this cartoon is a stark contrast to the usual demeaning stereotypes of half devil and half child that Kipling endorsed and many cartoonists reinforced. Cecil John Rhodes was born on 5 July 1853 in the small hamlet of Bishops Stortford, England. 377. Here the Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade shines a headlight upon a raging dragon and sword-wielding Chinese Boxer whose banner reads 400 Million Barbarians. In the imagery of the civilizing mission, China is portrayed as both backward and savage. Lifes satire of the white mans burden mystique offers a procession of the supporters of the new imperialism beginning with missionaries and ending with the traveling salesman. As the military governor until May 1900, Otis inflated Filipino atrocities and prevented journalists, Red Cross officials, and soldiers from reporting American atrocities, though ghastly accounts slipped through. It evoked both the fact that the bulk of the U.S. force was made up of units from the Midwestern states. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. title not id. The dream reached its most audacious dimensions in Cecil Rhodes's ill-fated plans for a Cape-to-Cairo railway. economics. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Texas and U.S.S. For example, the light of civilization literally illuminated vicious, helpless, or clueless barbarians. At the same time, however, the suppression of The War Prayer helps highlight the courage and critical edge that many political cartoonists brought to the very same subject of spreading death and destruction in the name of civilization and progress. 18, No. Source:Library of Congress. The test of U.S. naval power came with the Spanish-American War. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). Includes bibliographical references and index. and Distributor, 2004). On June 21 the Empress Dowager Cixi declared war on the Allied nations. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). the younger Keppler also contributed cartoons, and became co-owner of the magazine after his father's death, when he changed his name to Joseph Keppler. Source: Houghton Library, Harvard University. Tuffnell, Stephen. 'From the Cape to Cairo: Though the process be costly, the road of These images are presented through a cooperative effort between the Library of Congress and Dickinson State University. If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another surrogate, please fill out a call slip in In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. Beginning in 1896, the British carried out military expeditions in Sudan in order to reassert control over the Upper Nile region. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, The march of civilization against barbarism is a late-19th-century construct that cast imperialist wars as moral crusades. World powers competing for spheres of influence within her borders had grown ever bolder in their demands as the Qing rulers appeared increasingly weak. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Hevia, James Louis. Presence of a German fleet lent evidence to one of the justifications the U.S. gave for war with Spain, that is, to protect the Philippines from takeover by a rival major power. Terms of Use (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) As the American West was absorbed and the continent consolidated, the mandate of Manifest Destiny shifted from territorial to commercial expansion beyond contiguous borders. Chinas Worn Out Traditionsrepresented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynastyare about to be cut with the shears of 19th Century Progress., Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. First Lessons in Self Government. The paper on desk reads: The New Class. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. The Cape to Cairo Railway was an unfinished project to create a railway line crossing Africa from south to north. Source and Registration#: Created by Joseph Keppler, Professor of Iranian and Central Asian History and of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, The University of Chicago, Outreach Coordinator, Center for Middle Eastern Studies, University of Chicago, The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign EyesTwentieth and Twenty-First CenturiesImage Resource Bank, 2010 The Oriental Institute, The University of Chicago | Rhodes measures with the telegraphic line the distance from Cape Town (at his right foot) in South Africa to Cairo (at his left foot) in Egypt, illustrating his broader "Cape to Cairo" concept for further colonial expansion in Africa. The Great Rapprochement describes a shift in the relationship of the U.S. and Great Britain that, in the 1890s, moved from animosity and suspicion to friendship and cooperation. in: Puck, v . At the time, however, Twains family, acquaintances, and publisher feared the piece would be denounced as both unpatriotic and sacrilegious, and urged him not to publish it. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. Each of the three major turn-of-the-century wars left a trail of contention in the visual record. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. The caption applies the motto united we stand to the Anglo-Saxon brotherhood spreading Western civilization abroad. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Bickers, Robert A. and R. G. Tiedemann, editors (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2007). French Satirical Drawings from LAssiette au Beurre(New York: Dover Publications, 1978). Britain stepped in to defend the rights of the immigrants, known as uitlanders (foreigners) to the Boers. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). The boats crossing their chests, labeled Suez Canal and Managua Canal, show the importance of efficient naval and shipping routes through their distended realms. Based on the image or your research, what historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Colonists--British--1900-1910. 1900. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). Rudyard Kiplings famous poem The White Mans Burden was published in 1899, during a high tide of British and American rhetoric about bringing the blessings of civilization and progress to barbaric non-Western, non-Christian, non-white peoples. Library of Congress Duplication Services. Civilization and trade went hand in hand in turn-of-the-century imperialism. Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. White man's burden--1900-1910, - However, brutally repressive policies followed that included accusations of genocide. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. Source:Library of Congress, In this 1902 cartoon, Britains Boer War and goals on the African continent are identified with the march of civilization and progress against barbarism. Chapter 18: Considering the Evidence Visual Sources Quiz 1 print : chromolithograph. Hawaii and Porto Rico are model female students. The artists of both "Conquest and Competition" (Visual . An African Journey, From the Cape to Cairo In The Pigtail Has Got to Go, a white-robed goddess wears a star that radiates over a Chinese mandarin. Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in the New York Times on July 30: Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. The Origins of the Boxer Uprising(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987). Explain your reasoning. The screen in the cartoon may refer to the early films that fed public fascination with China and the Boxer crisis, including Edisons recreation of the Bombardment of Taku Forts by the Allied Fleets (1900, view in the Library of Congress) and a four-minute British production that staged the murder of a missionary by Boxers called Attack on a China Mission (1900). The Life cartoon takes a different view of the barbarism in these events, focussing on Allied brutality against the Chinese. the Library of Congress because of rights considerations, but you have access to larger size images on 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race." As Twain saw it, the U.S. war against the nascent Philippine Republic amounted to little more than mimicry of Britains bloody war of conquest in South Africa. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. In this 1898 cartoon, Britannia (Great Britain) welcomes Columbia (the United States) as an estranged daughter and new imperialist partner. Translated from Russian. The Harvest in the Philippines. Frederick Thompson Richards,Life, July 6, 1899. Jones, Toby Craig. Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. No known restrictions on publication. Dr Natheem Jacobs was stabbed at his home in Garlandale, Athlone. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. America in the China Relief Expedition(Kansas City: Hudson-Kimberly publishing company, 1903). Colonial success is equated with chivalry and invincibility., A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization. Backed by the formidable Royal Navy, Britain could maintain a policy of splendid isolation independent of European alliances for much of the century. Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, The barbarity of imperial war is displayed on a battlefield littered with dead soldiers of many nationalities that stretches from contemporary warshere, the Philippines and Transvaal (Boer War)back through time to Roman Wars. The sub-caption of this 1900 Judge cartoon once again asks the disturbing question: is civilization advancing?. ), In an image titled, Vers le Camp de Reconcentration (To the Concentration Camp), women and children are dragged off by British soldiers. Tributes have poured in for a Cape Town vet who was killed by . is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. From the high to the low, by 1901 the collaboration between the two Anglo nations held a different fate for the globe. A rescue expedition made up of troops from eight nations, under the command of the British Vice-Admiral Edward Seymour, left Tianjin for Beijing. Pucks cover for June 8, 1898, celebrated this new Anglo-Saxon solidarity and sense of mission with an illustration of two resolute soldiers standing with fixed bayonets on a parapet and overlooking the globe. Download Image of From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler.. Free for commercial use, no attribution required. A mound of scribbled papers from an overflowing wastebasket testifies to the coercion exerted upon him to induce cooperation. On February 15, 1898, the battleship U.S.S. An Italian cartoonist who drew William II as a modern Attila beheading Chinese foes was likely inspired by his Hun speech to German soldiers shipping out to fight in the Boxer Uprising in China, delivered on July 27, 1900, in which he called for total war: Should you encounter the enemy, he will be defeated! 5:00 at 202-707-6394, and Press 3. Looming just ahead for the two Anglo nations were turbulence and intervention in such widely dispersed places as Samoa, China, and Africa. Reimagining Zimbabwe's Cape-to-Cairo Railroad - FOCUS on Geography Three savage turn-of-the-century conflicts defined the milieu in which such rhetoric flourished: the Anglo-Boer War of 18991902 in South Africa; the U.S. conquest and occupation of the Philippines initiated in 1899; and the anti-foreign Boxer Uprising in China that provoked intervention by eight foreign nations in 1900. 5 vols. The poem acknowledged the thanklessness of a task rewarded with The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard and sentimentalized the savage wars of peace as self-sacrificial crusades undertaken for the greater good. and Photographs Reading Room to view the original item(s). Office hours: By appointment only. This ca. When rich tracts of gold were discovered, an influx of large numbers of British immigrants threatened to overturn Boer rule over these republics. Keppler rendered this as Japan Makes her Dbut Under Columbias Auspices, with Columbia, Britannia, and a geisha-like Japan at the center of the scene. Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. First created by the Frenkel brothers in 1935, who, despite their limited . The cover featuring an illustration from Le Petit Journal, 1913. Source:CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. Hurst and Blackett. Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines. The image is ironically paired with a quote attributed to an Official Report to the War Office that says iron railing through which an electric current runs makes the healthiest and safest fences., Les Progrs de la Science (The Advances of Science). | Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". You will post your answers and your own cartoon on Slack #imperialsim. What historical event or imperialist practice is this cartoon referencing? Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. Priests Horribly Tortured. Stark images such as these helped make public a subject that was generally suppressed. 8, Issue 4, pp. Name: Grady Lentz Rhodes cartoon analysis Figure 1.4: Imperialist, explorer and businessman Rhodes as a. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. He has been a contributing editor to Wired, Discover . Source:Library of Congress. A band of tribal defenders, whose leader rides a white charger and wields the flag of Barbarism, fades in the face of Civilizations advance. Address of Pope Barrow to the Daughters of the American revolution. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. Duplication Services Web site. Nishi, Masao - Institut Mirovogo Khoziastva I Mirovo Politiki (Kommunisticheskaia Akademiia) - Varga, Eugen. The conduct of foreign troops in China was targeted in a searing cartoon by the French artist Thophile Steinlen. Illustrated by A. D. McCormick, with fold-out color map. Quarto 377 pages. Title from item. In the caption, Uncle Sam lectures: (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! 4, pp. Warships steam over the horizon of their chests flying banners of great waterways that would ideally open the world to commerceSuez Canal (completed in 1869) and Managua Canal (projected through Nicaragua to link the Caribbean and Pacific oceansan undertaking later transferred to Panama). What were the effects of Belgian imperialism? New commodities also meant advances in weaponry that might give neighboring countriesin particular, Germanythe potential to strike Britain. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. Imperial and Anti-Imperial Constructions of Civilisation: Engagements with Pre-Modern Pasts.Geopolitics, Vol. How does the "Prelude to the Scramble" (Visual Source 18.1) differ from "From the Cape to Cairo" (Visual Source 18.3)?, 2. With little opposition, Allied troops foraged for food and water in deserted villages, where the few who remainedoften servants left to protect propertyusually met with violence. The Rhodes Colossus Striding From Cape Town To Cairo Analysi And, After All, the Philippines are Only the Stepping-Stone to China. Emil Flohri,Judge, ca. description Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". The Real Trouble Will Come with the A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Appelbaum, Stanley. All Missionaries and Converts Being Exterminated. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled Civilization with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled Barbarism. 32, No. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints (ISSN 1961-9898). John Bull Good 'evins! Imperial Mission: The Air Route to Cape Town 1918-32 - JSTOR In the background, the artist placed a large portrait of a large man, Marcus Hanna, next to a miniature of President William McKinley to show their relative influence on policy. In The Harvest in the Philippines, Uncle Sam stands, armed to the hilt, gazing at the viewer with a field of Filipino corpses lined up in rows behind him and stretching back as far as the eye can see. site.). Link to other styles, U.S. President - 1st Term (September 1901-February 1905), Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. (DOI:10.1080/14664658.2011.559749), Twain, Mark. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. Coinciding with the British reconquest of the Sudan was this cartoon drawn by Joseph Keppler, a frequent contributor to the American political satire and humor magazine, Puck. The following year, Life cartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. 11 [-21]. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (2014). Egypt was the first among the Arab countries to establish an animation production. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. The archetypal dominance of Civilization over Barbarism is conveyed in a 1902 Puck graphic with the sweeping white figure of Britannia leading British soldiers and colonists in the Boer War. Wasserstrom, Jeffrey. Anticipated U.S. exports appear on signs that advertise the rich market awaiting American manufacturers. Christian missionaries often led the way, followed by politicians, troops, andbringing up the rearbusinessmen. XII, No. Source:Library of Congress. (A thumbnail (small) image will be visible on the left.). Germanys Kaiser Wilhelm II appears as an anointed leader, his angel wings made of swords, astride a cannon dragged by clerics and missionaries toward foreign lands. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). Jesus, In an 1899 cartoon, Ren Georges Hermann-Paul attacked the hypocrisy of spreading civilization by force by juxtaposing the words Barbarie and Civilisation beneath Chinese and French combatants who alternate as victor and victim. Pro-imperialist cartoons often depicted the West as literally shining the light of civilization and progress on barbaric peoples. The influx of cheap Western goods eroded generations-long trading patterns, while telegraph and railroad lines were constructed in violation of superstitions, eliciting deep resentment among Chinese. For guidance about compiling full citations consult - From breathtaking sights to local culture, Africa is the heartbeat of the world, and anyone lucky . ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. [p. 199], The Way We Get the War News. record ("About This Item") with your request. Orig. Vol. the original in color by citing the Call Number listed above and including the catalog From Cape to Cairo: An African Odyssey - Goodreads In mid 1899, Life published this chilling view of the war in the Philippines that was to drag on for several more years. There, membership in militant secret societies swelled, most prominently in the Yi He Quan (Society of the Righteous Fist), a sect known to Westerners as the Boxers.
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